Prevalence of Periodontal Disease and Associated Risk Factors: A Cross-Sectional Study

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of periodontal disease and its association with smoking, diabetes, and demographic factors in dental clinics in Zawia city. 
Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 60 patients attending five dental clinics in Zawia City. Clinical 
examinations were performed to assess periodontal status, supplemented by structured questionnaires to evaluate risk factors including smoking habits, diabetes status, and oral hygiene practices. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 27, employing descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests . 
Results: The majority of participants (81.7%) reported experiencing gum or tooth pain. Females constituted 53.3% of the sample, with the highest prevalence observed in the 21-30 age group (28.3%). Current smokers represented 40% of participants, with 58.3% smoking for more than five years. Among those with chronic diseases (38.3%), diabetes was the most prevalent (73.9%). Notably, 58.3% of participants had not visited a dentist for over a year, with financial constraints (13.3%) and lack of knowledge (26.7%) being primary barriers to care. 
Conclusion: This study reveals a high prevalence of periodontal symptoms among Libyan adults, with significant associations between 
disease prevalence and modifiable risk factors including smoking and diabetes. The findings underscore the necessity for targeted public health interventions, improved accessibility to dental services, and enhanced oral health education in the region. (Open J Biomed Res 2026;5:12-16)